Justifiable and Unjustifiable Government Interference

Since the Patriot Act was authorized after September 11, 2001. There has been a progressing contention about the legitimacy of the Patriot Act and whether it is an infringement of social equality. The inquiry is how far is excessively far? What amount of interruption will Americans permit into their lives for national security? The Patriot Act was marked into law on October 26, 2001. The Patriot Act has 16 arrangements that give the administration observation and legitimate forces to use against fear based oppressors. Since 9/11, there have been no other fear assaults on American soil. Since this time has gone with no different assaults, individuals are beginning to address whether the Patriot Act ought to be downsized or whether we even need it by any means. The Patriot Act tends to a few new zones in observation. I will address a few those new arrangements and what they mean. Pen Register or Trap and Trace Orders: As of now, law implementation organizations associated with insight examinations can get a ‘pen register’ or ‘trap and trace’ request under which they can approach numbers dialed and got by a specific telephone. So as to acquire a pen/trap request, law authorization must show that the data they are looking for is applicable to a continuous criminal examination and that the presume that they are following is ‘in correspondence with’ somebody associated with worldwide psychological oppression or insight exercises. This is a much lower standard than the reasonable justification standard utilized in criminal examinations. The Patriot Act decreases this standard much further, taking out the ‘in correspondence with’ prerequisite. Law implementation authorities should just show that the data they are looking for is applicable to a continuous criminal examination. Under this arrangement, when law implementation demands a pen/trap request fr om an appointed authority, he should give it. The appointed authority has no tact to won't, regardless of whether he/she sees it as pointless or crooked. These are the sorts of arrangements that worry adversaries to the Patriot Act and the individuals who think our protection is being compromised. In spite of the fact that, it this may help in the battle against psychological militants, adversaries fight that it could be utilized against all residents. I make some hard memories accepting that law requirement will be burning through their time with individuals that are not associated with some kind of psychological oppressor or crime. This doesn’t imply that the forces couldn't be mishandled or that missteps couldn't be made. Only that all things considered, these occurrences are impossible. Furthermore, in the event that they do occur, the results comparable to the issue of national security isn't probably going to be such extraordinary. The PA additionally expands the extent of data that can be gotten utilizing a pen/trap request. Law requirement may now approach ‘dialing, directing, and signaling’ data where in the past it must be utilized to acquire phone numbers dialed and got. The reference to directing data allude explicitly to web use †either for email or perusing. The PA explicitly expresses that the â€Å"contents† of correspondences may not be acquired with trap/follow orders, however the PA doesn't characterize the term. The FBI started utilizing another apparatus called â€Å"Carnivore† to screen email and texts. They guarantee it will be extremely successful against fear based oppressors. Rivals guarantee it tends to be utilized against any resident. Meat eater lets them screen each and every individual who utilizes a similar internet service that the presume utilizes, regardless of whether they are under scrutiny or not. The contention is that new standards should be established to keep blameless individuals from being followed as opposed to depending on the FBI to sift through any non-pertinent data. Since content can only with significant effort be isolated from web directing data, so as to get an email address, law requirement must be offered access to the whole email bundle and afterward is endowed to just review the location and erasing the substance without survey it. With web perusing, content can't be handily isolated from web steering data either. This is not the same as calls where the numbers dialed and got can without much of a stretch be isolated from the substance of the call. The PA expands the extent of summons. Before, the administration could utilize a summon to constrain an ISP or site to discharge the accompanying data about their endorsers: customer’s name, address, length of administration, and strategy for installment. The legislature couldn't get Mastercards numbers, financial balance numbers or other increasingly explicit indentifying data. Dad currently approves the legislature to get Visa numbers and ledger numbers through summons. Law requirement contends this is basic data the same number of individuals register with sites utilizing bogus names and this is the best way to get a positive ID. There is no legal audit engaged with the summon procedure and in this manner no check to ensure law authorization has the best possible grounds. As should be obvious, the PA has given a lot more extensive power to law authorization staff. This expansion in power has raised alerts from adversaries of the PA. Common libertarians dread that worries about national security will disintegrate common freedoms. The key is to attempt to discover a type of equalization. The issue is that the two sides keep on argueing for their perspective. Will there be a parity when you’re discussing our national security? Which is progressively significant? Are respectful freedoms more significant than the national security of our nation? I for one don’t perceive how you can organize common freedoms over our national security. History shows that we have belittled risks commonly before. The Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor, Cold War secret activities, Cuban rocket emergency, the Tet Offensive to give some examples. There are even hypotheses out there that we had advance information on 9/11. Maybe we will in general go overboard. Be that as it may, we can't belittle the significance of national security. We definitely realize that there are a lot of individuals out there that need to see our decimation. It doesn’t matter what we do, what we state, how we handle things. They need us demolished regardless, so this entire hypothesis of attempting to make sense of what we fouled up or why they despise us is a finished exercise in futility. Since they don’t care. They have one goal in particular. I don’t realize that we’ll ever have the option to find some kind of harmony that is worthy to the two sides. I comprehend the need to ensure common freedoms. The issue I have is that circumstances at times direct what should be finished. I don’t think the feelings of dread that we’ll lose our common freedoms is a substantial one. This thought they’ll take a little at once and quite soon we’ll have none. I just don’t get it. Not in this Country. It’s excessively solid, there’s an excessive amount of independence in America. The individuals could never permit it. There would be a revolt before it could ever occur. I surmise since I have nothing to cover up, I don’t mind that the administration has certain forces or finds a way to guarantee the security of our country.

The Euro Essay -- Currency Currencies Finance Economy Essays

The Euro The new worldwide money of the European Economic association, euro turned into the national cash on January 1 2002. In this association where just euro is legitimate as cash incorporates Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain and their national monetary standards will stop to exist. Prior to the euro arrangement, there existed the highest quality level and the Bretton Woods framework. Both were focused on the interior and outside dependability. These strategies fallen when the two objectives veered. Since the euro takes out the conversion standard issue and concentrates more on the inside security by binding together cash, the strategy target polarity can be settled. Despite the fact that in no way like euro has been set up previously, it was shaped to profit the European economy by controlling the spending shortage, by having an increasingly steady government, and by making a considerably closer association among the individuals of Europe in this way there are numerous advantages that will permit euro to exist over the long haul. The arrangement of euro has expanded the significance of inward soundness, for example, value solidness and work. The Europe’s move to euro must remain on an establishment of stable government arrangements. The strength will cause lower costs, lower premium and make more employments and speculation. The interior strength ought to be work from within and not compelled from the outside by fixed trade rates, †Monetary security must be worked at home† cited by Heinz-Peter SpaHn. By joining Europe the â€Å"home† region has extended. The articles in the Treaty on European Union explains that the spending shortfall can't surpass 3% of nations total national output by building up extremely clear observation methodology. The shortfall ... ...sizes and hues and gangs indistinguishable plans in each of the 12 nations. This makes it simpler for an outsider to perceive the certified receipt. The arrangement of euro can have two results. It is either the extraordinary trial like the pundits says or it will prevail later on and settle the economy by concentrating on the inside parity. By expanding exchange and decreasing exchange limitations Europe will be progressively incorporated. The expansion in rivalry will profit the development of the economy. For economy to extend there must be new developments. To have new advancements, there must be explores in the economy. The presentation of euro is totally new in our economy and it is an extraordinary investigation that will succeed and advance the general financial development. This is anything but a short run move. Euro needs time to grow with the goal that the gainful outcomes ought to be found over the long haul.

Science Carbon Footprint Research Paper free essay sample

A carbon impression is a proportion of the impact you have on the atmosphere as far as the measure of ozone depleting substances you produce. In light of my day by day conduct, my carbon impression is around 57. 41, and I would require around 3. 65 Earths to keep my conduct. My score isnt that awful on the grounds that everybody elses scores were higher, be that as it may, my score could generally be better. The territory that I am beneath the U. S. normal reflects decidedly off of me living in a little high rise, killing apparatuses when not being used, and reusing. Around seventy five percent of ozone depleting substance emanations that are ascribed to people originate from consuming non-renewable energy sources. We consume petroleum products †nonrenewable vitality sources †when we work vehicles, heat our homes and even use power, as per the U. S. Vitality Information Administration. There are numerous approaches to help spare the Earth. You should simply curtail utilizing power, heat, driving a vehicle, begin reusing and reusing. We will compose a custom paper test on Science Carbon Footprint Research Paper or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page At the point when you don’t reuse, you squander the vitality that is utilized making and shipping new things, and increment your ozone depleting substance emanations, adding to environmental change. In any case, reusing and reusing permits less vitality to go into the way toward making new things, and less petroleum derivatives being scorched to influence the Earths environment. Rather than one individual driving a vehicle ordinary, carpooling and utilizing open transportation may likewise lessen gas discharges. Your biological impression is significant on the grounds that it speaks to the measure of earths assets and spaces expected to help your regular day to day existence. In the event that each individual needs to an extreme, Earths assets will be rare. Specialists state, The presence of worldwide overshoot proposes that human culture should roll out critical improvements to ‘business as usual’ on the off chance that it needs to make a manageable future. Without changes of Americas conduct, we won't have a future to look foward to. An environmental impression is once more, the proportion of human requests on earths biological systems. Accordingly, changing human requests will prompt a superior future without stress of creature eliminations, irregular atmosphere changes, and rare significant HR. Things as basic as reducing shower time, nplugging machines, and killing lights could improve a result as opposed to doing the inverse. With extra special care can be an extraordinary start.Also, most families could diminish eating out at eateries and lessen living in a major house in the event that it is a great deal of room left. Living in a little high rise or apartment suite can decrease most lodging impressions, and going to supermarkets for nourishment can reduce nourishment impressions. Without doing nothing could have these effects: The probability of executioner heat waves during the warm season will build (Karl et al. , 1997). what's more, Further softening of the Arctic Ice Caps (at the momentum rate) could be adequate to kill the sea ebbs and flows that drive the Gulf Stream, which keeps Britain up to 6 °C hotter than it would some way or another be. . The initial step is to perceive the amount you actually sway a worldwide temperature alteration. Taking everything into account, on the grounds that there are numerous approaches to help spare the earth, the issue shouldnt be evaded. Not just simply sparing the earth, the creatures could keep away from elimination and atmosphere changes could be put to an end. Considering, Global surface temperatures have ascended around 0. 7 °C in the previous 100 years. , and 11 of the most recent 12 years rank among the 12 hottest years on record for worldwide temperatures (since 1850). changes are fundamental for earth to spared.

Regular Decision Admits

Regular Decision Admits April 22, 2012 Yale, like many highly selective colleges, hosts students admitted via Regular Decision every spring (photo credit: Ragesoss). Were often asked around this time every year why our students who were admitted via Early Decision arent invited to their schools admitted students weekend. After all, they committed to attend their future alma mater over every other college. They sent in applications back in the fall, so sure that this was the college for them. So why dont they get invites to admitted students weekend? Thats an easy one!  Because the college doesnt have to convince them to matriculate! They only have to convince Regular Decision admits to attend. The point of admitted students weekend is for the college to boost their yield. They roll out the red carpet. They assign prospective students a current student who will house them. They serve prospectives lobster dinners and sing and dance. This weekend is, in no uncertain terms, the best marketing tool the college has its own students. No flyer will have the energy of current students. No email will make you feel like this is the college that you must attend over all others. So if youre a student (like many of ours) who was admitted early and didnt get the invite to admitted students weekend, dont worry too much. Maybe you can ask the admissions office if you can attend. The answer is likely no, though, as they quite often simply dont have the room to put you up with all of the other prospective students on campus. During this weekend, youre just not the priority. They already have a binding commitment from you! One last thing dont forget to be on your best behavior during this weekend if you do end up going as the last thing you want to happen is get your admission rescinded. It happens each and every year. Check out our Ivy League Admissions Statistics.

Summary Of Homeless On Campus - 962 Words

Eleanor J. Bader article â€Å"Homeless on Campus† describes the lives of homeless people that are trying to get a degree. She shows the reader examples of homeless students going through hard times. The reader can see the desire to succeed from the homeless students. They work harder that every other student because they have to find a place to sleep. They also have to take care of others in some situations. Bader also mentions that community colleges should provide sleeping areas for students that find themselves in that situation. Bader does an astounding job of using literacy devices to exemplify to the reader how homeless students struggle to continue school. One form of literary device that she used was conflict. She used conflict to show that some of the situations that the students are going through, so it can be relatable. Bader uses conflict when she was describing a woman that was had to struggle with her child â€Å"I spend almost eight hours a day on the trains, â€Å"I have to leave the shelter at 5:00 a.m. for the Bronx where my girlfriend watches my son for me. I get to her house around 7:00† (Bader). Not only that, Bader also mentions the struggle to of not having work space. The student struggle to their work â€Å"Without housing, access to a work space, or access to a shower, students’ lives suffer, their grades suffer, and they are more likely to drop classes, if not withdraw entirely from school. I ve seen it happen† (Bader). That shows the readers how lucky they are toShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Learning At The City Of Athens Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesthat a school implements to support student learning. The purpose of the Executive Summary (ES) is to provide a school with an opportunity to describe in narrative form the strengths and challenges it encounters. 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Stem Cell Research is an Assault on Life Essay example

Throughout the history of the cloning debate, no Administration of either party funded a research project that relies on destroying live human embryos - until President Bush in 2001 authorized limited funding for such. The Clinton Administrations plans to do so were delayed by public opposition, then halted for good reason by the Bush Administration. The federal government has now decided to partially implement the National Institutes of Healths guidelines for embryonic stem cell research. This has opened the door to broader assaults on innocent human life in the name of research. Congress and this Administration in a limited way endorse the principle that alleged research benefits outweigh the inviolable dignity of innocent human†¦show more content†¦By implementing these guidelines, the federal government would encourage researchers to conduct destructive embryo experiments that are punishable as felonies in some states.(3) This proposal is immoral because it violates a central tenet of all civilized codes on human experimentation beginning with the Nuremberg Code: It approves doing deadly harm to a member of the human species solely for the sake of potential benefit to others. The embryos to be destroyed by researchers in this campaign are at the same stage of development as embryos in the womb who have been protected as human subjects in federally funded research since 1975.(4) President Clintons National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) and its 1994 predecessor, the NIH Human Embryo Research Panel, conceded that the early human embryo is a form of developing human life that deserves our respect(5). Treating human life as mere research material is no way to show respect. 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Internal Control Assessment of Fruito

Question: Discuss about theInternal Control Assessment of Fruito. Answer: Introduction In this paper we will discuss different aspects related to internal control of Fruito. The scope of the paper will be to specifically look at the various gaps in internal controls of the company, focusing on Accounts payable department. The accounts payable department of the company primarily focus on ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Before looking at the various aspects of internal control in this department, it is equally important to look at the processes of the company and then evaluate the shortcomings. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. The scope of the paper will be to specifically look at the various gaps in internal controls of the company, focusing on Accounts payable department. The accounts payable department of the company primarily focus on ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetab les) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Before looking at the various aspects of internal control in this department, it is equally important to look at the processes of the company and then evaluate the shortcomings. Processes performed by the accounts payable department ranges from ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Each of this is very important for the companys perspective and is very critical for implementation of all work in the company. Let us now have a look at all the processes and how each one of them will be impacted from the way Accounts payable system in the company operates. Vendor shortlisting: There is no controlled method under which the company orders well from any vendor. There are some finalized vendors from whom the company orders and it has been the practice of the company over the years. This might have been the best choice company has made during that period, however nowadays new vendors have come into the market. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. Vendor Approval: A stringent vendor approval methodology is required in the system. Processes performed by the accounts payable department ranges from ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Each of this is very important for the companys perspective and is very critical for implementation of all work in the company. Let us now have a look at all the processes and how each one of them will be impacted from the way Accounts payable system in the company operates. There are some finalized vendors from whom the company orders and it has been the practice of the company over the years. This might have been the best choice company has made during that period, however nowadays new vendors have come into the market. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. Order Requirement Assessment is required: A stringent vendor approval methodology is required in the system. There are some finalized vendors from whom the company orders and it has been the practice of the company over the years. This might have been the best choice company has made during that period, however nowadays new vendors have come into the market. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. The scope of the paper will be to specifically look at the various gaps in internal controls of the company, focusing on Accounts payable department. The accounts payable department of the company primarily focus on ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Before looking at the various aspects of internal control in this department, it is equally important to look at the processes of the company and then evaluate the shortcomings. Delivery approval mechanism: A stringent vendor approval methodology is required in the system. The scope of the paper will be to specifically look at the various gaps in internal controls of the company, focusing on Accounts payable department. The accounts payable department of the company primarily focus on ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Before looking at the various aspects of internal control in this department, it is equally important to look at the processes of the company and then evaluate the shortcomings. Each of this is very important for the companys perspective and is very critical for implementation of all work in the company. Let us now have a look at all the processes and how each one of them will be impacted from the way Accounts payable system in the company operates. There are some finalized vendors from whom the company orders and it has been the practice of the co mpany over the years. This might have been the best choice company has made during that period, however nowadays new vendors have come into the market. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. If a delivery is not properly approved then things will not fall in place. As part of best internal controls, there should be one time proper empanelment of vendors. The scope of the paper will be to specifically look at the various gaps in internal controls of the company, focusing on Accounts payable department. The accounts payable department of the company primarily focus on ordering stocks, receiving the various stocks (ranging from fruits and vegetables) and finally clearing the payment for the vendor. Before looking at the various aspects of internal control in this department, it is equally important to look at the processes of the company and then evaluate the shortcomings. References: Acin, F.G., Fernndez, J.M., Magn, J.J. and Molina, E., 2012. Production cost of a real microalgae production plant and strategies to reduce it.Biotechnology advances,30(6), pp.1344-1353 Aksenov, V.V., Walter, A.V., Gordeyev, A.A. and Kosovets, A.V., 2015. Classification of geokhod units and systems based on product cost analysis and estimation for a prototype model production. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering(Vol. 91, No. 1, p. 012088). IOP Publishing Barringer, B., 2012.Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (2012) Du, J., Cook, W.D., Liang, L. and Zhu, J., 2014. Fixed cost and resource allocation based on DEA cross-efficiency.European Journal of Operational Research,235(1), pp.206-214 Goodacre, C.J. and Naylor, W.P., 2016. Single implant and crown versus fixed partial denture: A cost-benefit, patient-centred analysis.European Journal of Oral Implantology,9(2), pp.S59-S68 Haarlemmer, G., Boissonnet, G., Imbach, J., Setier, P.A. and Peduzzi, E., 2012. Second generation BtL type biofuelsa production cost analysis.Energy Environmental Science,5(9), pp.8445-8456 Hannula, I., 2015. Co-production of synthetic fuels and district heat from biomass residues, carbon dioxide and electricity: Performance and cost analysis.Biomass and Bioenergy,74, pp.26-46 Kazlauskien?, V. and Christauskas, ?., 2015. Business valuation model based on the analysis of business value drivers.Engineering Economics,57(2) Machui, F., Hsel, M., Li, N., Spyropoulos, G.D., Ameri, T., Sndergaard, R.R., Jrgensen, M., Scheel, A., Gaiser, D., Kreul, K. and Lenssen, D., 2014. Cost analysis of roll-to-roll fabricated ITO free single and tandem organic solar modules based on data from manufacture.Energy Environmental Science,7(9), pp.2792-2802 Margolies, A. and Hoddinott, J., 2015. Costing alternative transfer modalities.Journal of Development Effectiveness,7(1), pp.1-16

The Tragic Love Triangle Of Yonville Essays - Madame Bovary, Emma

The Tragic Love Triangle of Yonville Gustave Flubert's masterpiece, Madame Bovary, was first published in 1857. The novel shocked many of its readers and caused a chain reaction that spread through all of France and ultimately called for the prosecution of the author. Since that time however, Madame Bovary, has been recognized by literature critics as being the model for the present literary period, being the realistic novel period. It is now considered a novel of great worth and one which contains an important and moving plot. In addition, it provides a standard against which to compare the works of writers to follow. It is nearly impossible to truly understand modern European and American fiction without reading, Madame Bovary. Charles Bovary, the only son of a middle-class family, became a doctor and set up his practice in a rural village. He then married a women who was quite older then himself. He was unhappily married to her saying that "Her dresses barely hung on her bony frame", This coming right before her death. Upon his wife's death, Charles married an attractive young women named Emma Roualt, the daughter of one of his patients. Emma married Charles with overwhelming expectations. She thought marriage would be filled with three things, "bliss, passion, and ecstasy". Emma had a character that was 1) dissatisfied 2) adulterous and 3) free spending. For a while she was excited and pleased by her marriage, but overwhelmed by her new life, she quickly became dissatisfied. As a result of her dissatisfaction she became mentally ill. For the sake of her health the Bovary's moved to a new town, Yonville, where their daughter was born. Emma's unhappiness continued, and she began to have romantic feelings toward Leon, a young law clerk. After Leon left the town in order to attend law school. Emma's boredom and frustration became more intense after Leon left. She began to forget her role as a wife and mother. Charles tried many times to please but none of his efforts were successful, and she did not value or understand Charles' love for her. Finally Emma had an adulterous affair with Rodolphe, a local land owner. Upon realizing Emma's intentions of an affair with him he states that he is "Gasping for love", and this wins her heart over. Rodolphe then leaves for a period of six weeks and Emma then becomes seriously ill again. After her recovery, Rodolphe returns and the only explanation for his actions is "Absence makes the heart grow fonder". She then runs across Leon in Rowen and began to resume were they left off. In order to afford the trips to Rowen to see Leon and satisfy her own needs, Emma spent her husbands money freely and incurred many debts. She kept this secret from Charles and managed to obtain a Power of Attorney, so that she would have full control over their financial affairs. Eventually her unpaid bills went long overdue and judgment was obtained against the creditors. She owed a vast sum of money, and the sheriff's officers arrived to confiscate the family property. Emma tried frantically to raise the money and finally turning to Leon, but he was unable to help, nor was he willing. She even tried to get back Rodolphe, by saying "I stayed with you, because I couldn't tear myself away...", he would have no part of her anymore and unwilling to help. Out of shame and despair of herself, she poisons herself to die. Shortly afterwards, now a ruined and broken man, also died, leaving their daughter to a life of poverty.

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Mosquitoes or Socioeconomic Ha essays Mosquitoes or Socioeconomic Hardships? The episode of the famous witch trials was in the year of 1962, beginning in the cold, harsh, winter of New England in 1961. A group of curious, young girls, with the motivation from the household slave from West Indies, were endeavoring to see into the future by receiving messages from a raw egg in a glass filled with water. These deeds apparently resulted in outrageous behaviors performed by the girls, the authorities, and citizens of the Salem community. Who would have thought that this simple and ingenuous activity would result in such a scandal? At the commencement, of the odd demeanors shown by the young girls, accusations of witchcraft had levitated to the scene, which is what made this scandal of such high gravity. Because of the fact that Salem was governed strictly on the basis and principles of the Bible, witchcraft was obviously an austere offense and was acted upon appropriately. When these indictments were handled by the arbiters of the society, many citizens were sen t to jail and put to trial. Nineteen people of who were arraigned of witchery were tried and hanged and hundreds were sent to prison to wait for their trial, until the court proceedings were ceased, in May of 1963, by the governor of the colony, Sir William Phips, and released those who were in jail. For years and years historians have attempted to get to the bottom of the reasoning behind this ridiculous mass hysteria that swept throughout a big portion of New England. The number of explanations for the Salem witch trials is very large, which makes the subject so much more fascinating. Witchcraft accusations and trials were held before and after the ones at Salem, but usually they occurred when economic hardships, political anxiety, and/or social apprehensions were being instituted in the towns. The socioeconomic hold-ups are a part of the main justification that one of the historians uses to debate t...

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Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

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Challenges Library Management System Essay Example for Free

Challenges Library Management System Essay n 1981, UNESCO published a study prepared by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation. His study is now 30 years old since its publication. Many countries have amended or significantly rewritten their legal deposit laws (Germany, Indonesia, and Norway in 1990; France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, South Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan Finland in 2000). Others are in the process of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom). The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions have grown in different dimensions. New published media have been developed and electronic publications are now an integral part of many national publishing heritages. UNESCO was under pressure to bring out a revised edition of the Guideline in order to review the impact of it on other countries and to incorporate new forms of publishing, such as, electronic publications. The new revised and updated edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool. The Indian relevant act, Delivery of Books Act 1954 (rev. 1956 to include newspapers and periodicals) has been under the scanner shortly after it was put into application and over the last five decades the National Library, Kolkata and the three other recipient regional public libraries, Connemara Pubic Library, Chennai, Central Library, Town Hall, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especially the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed concern and drew attention of the Government of India, of its limitations and ineffectiveness. The National Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and several professional library organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended revision or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, set up several committees to deal with the National Library. The Recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is completely silent on this and other national library related issues. It would be appropriate to draw attention to an article by 3. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is exhaustive enough with a complete set of plan of action for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took some steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users group and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / recommendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006. Role of Legal Deposit Act: In simple terms Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any individual producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to deposit one or more copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that legal deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and â€Å"offered to the public regardless of the means of transmission. † Public distribution could mean â€Å"performance† or â€Å"display† e.g. radio or television programme could be considered as â€Å"published† for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. Within the electronic publications environment, it should be noted that a â€Å"one copy item† such as, a database , stored on one server, could be subject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal instrument of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit collection. In all countries with legal deposit system, â€Å"published material† would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is also subject to legal deposit and there are several countries where electronic publications are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way; some have excluded on-line electronic publications because of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing technological scenarios. Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national public policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and access of a nations published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an effective legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers within the country and abroad, access to research collection of  the national published material. Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to keep pace with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on current legal deposit of publication issues based on a questionnaire which identified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from individuals and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act. Profile of Indian book publishing Before we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the present trends in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large majority of English language publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a major centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid growth of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGCs policy of publish or perish resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the few countries where 4 4. Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other similar higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sciences particularly, get published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a rare phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian publishers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as single family business. According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20%; third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are about 19,000 publishers in the country; in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is based in India. This growth trend is noticeable only from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased gradually due to numerical growth of educational and research institutions at every level. As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. Individual buyers of books constitute only a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and USA based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors. To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on credit to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books on approval basis). They were allowed to take back books â€Å"not selected† within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesalers within the stipulated six months credit limit. They start bookshops with the dead stock of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing terms and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, being the actual selectors in all educational institutions, get offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one. Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in mind that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book selling ownership balanced by healthy specialization and the second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and delivery across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade. In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 times the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales. Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, about 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials under its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 [estimated figure obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source] with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have received 29,875 publications under the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums. It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other three recipient libraries under this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library due to a special drive12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical Yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades, although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body. This sad state of affaire obviously reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s under the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and fiscal rules and regulations adopted by the Library to operate under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major factor but not the main one. The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of one time authorpublishers is also very high (15% 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library committed to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, similar in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB). However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule unlike in India. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs. 50. 00 sounds just notional. Either revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and built-in procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the countrys copyright acts. It is because of this factor legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more realistic to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian publication and the three other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered free of cost under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered free of cost to each of 6. Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the Press and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being dumped or just temporarily stored as these are of no use to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource. On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, unused books (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage space as well as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National Library shall receive one copy for preservation and access only; create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries. Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be accessible to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this account shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government grant. The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act. We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) common languages from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund required for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government. The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. Sooner than later, it  will be a reality (within a decade or so) of making available a digital copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or outside the country. The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a book from a conventional library. Till we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with both the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as well as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a longer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library modernization programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never ending process. Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, â€Å"ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs†¦. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a consummation devoutly to be wished. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format. 7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1: Books in Indian Languages Received in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Total 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST. The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presented at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture. Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. [Note:Average cost of recently published books in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book Procurement Centre in Delhi. We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages. It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs. 70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to pass on to the central government exchequer. ] If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing fraternity in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act. Group of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to Parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of easy access to the readers within a reasonable time frame. Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to receive one copy of all the publications. In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced network technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB. The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. Only very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extensive promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bringing more and more publishers within the DB Act net. Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of seven copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. Third and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at regular frequency (monthly! ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the Indias National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems. Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in making India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL): In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate office under the Department of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi. In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent home could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens. CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under heavy pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information needs of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs. It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visiting the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry. It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and 1980s to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner. It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner library professionals, media or library users group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected services and administration of Central Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner. Indian National Bibliography (INB): It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the importance of maintaining the production and delivery schedule. After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the National Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage. This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguing  process have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders; nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time. National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities. Adoption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate indexing and other access tools, e.  g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites. We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic Division with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time. By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems. Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and applied in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l Title of the revised act may be â€Å"Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act. Definition of Publications shall include – all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an address specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.

Support from Individuals Social Network Essay -- Sociology, Family an

Before discussing the different kinds of support that can be given by a person’s social network, an understanding of what a social network is and the people it can include is necessary. This essay will begin with a brief definition and then go on to list and review the different kinds of support that can be provided. ‘A social network consists of a set of people with whom one maintains contact and has some form of social bond’. (K101, Unit 10, p75). This means that a social network is a group of people with which a person has regular interaction with such as Family, Friends, Neighbours or Work colleagues. However taking into account the introduction of easier, cheaper access to the Internet, E-mail and mobile phones over recent years and of course people moving across the country or world, social networks are no longer just confined to where people live. Family and friends can offer informal support such as Practical help and advice with things like childcare or household topics and chores. Emotional support if an individual is undergoing feelings of uncertainty or personal difficulties, and financial help by lending money for debts, everyday living or perhaps advice on spending. Informal support is often a relationship with a degree of mutual help, as seen in various sections throughout the K101 module; such as Peter Townsend’s research into family life in Bethnal Green. He explained how ‘Help was reciprocated- through the provision of meals, the care of children and in other ways’ (Bornat and Blakemore, 2008, P 13) and also Pauline, an active volunteer from Thornhill who after suffering a stroke, her best friend Elaine became her day-to-day source of emotional support, while Pauline’s neighbours provided practical help an... ...r found that paying her bills and everyday routines like shopping where hard to manage. Care workers supported her by going with her to pay bills and to buy food at first. As the service user still wanted to maintain her independence suitable adaptions to her telephone was made and a voluntary shopping service was offered to her with a trained worker that could understand her over the phone, aids to help with memory and everyday tasks where also provided. In conclusion an individual’s social network can be extremely important not just for support but also for physical and mental well-being. Limitations to creating or maintaining social work can vary from person to person such as isolation, vulnerability and impairments. Care workers must be mindful of these limitations so that they can provide and introduce the correct support needed for the right individual.

Differences Between a Normative and Empirical Theory

There are various theories that attempted to explain and understand various social events and social issues. Two of these theories include the normative and the empirical theories. In order to understand these concepts, it may be best to know their definitions. The normative theory involves the evaluation of things based on the labels of what is good and what is bad. The desirability then of an approach is determined by the observable judgments on its implications.On the other hand, empirical theory involves the use of observations according to concrete evidence so that things can be explained with accuracy and precision. One of the most important applications of the normative and empirical theory is on the rule making aspect of a democracy. According to Craig, there â€Å"may be different models of democracy†. However, in our society, we are often confused with the normative and empirical aspects of democracy.As regards democracy, one can still say that in order to achieve th e true essence of a democratic community, the empirical approach is at most desirable. It is not enough that the precepts proposed by the concept of democracy dictates how and to what extent we achieve democracy. Rather, it is important that we also rely on empirical data and concrete evidence to determine how and to what extent the proposed democratic policies can affect the lives of the people who believe in the concept of democracy.Historical data proves that mistakes as regards democracy involved the normative theory of democracy wherein our leaders tend to have been swayed and decided only in accordance with what democracy should and ought to be rather on what the community actually needs and the state of things. In the normative theory, it is often the aim to evaluate things rather than explain things. In this regard, it is often the case that under the normative theory, concrete actions are not determined in order to resolve issues.This is not true in case of the empirical th eory because by more than just evaluating things, explaining the various social phenomenons enables our leaders to create deeper understanding of things so that it can be resolved according to democratic principles. Democratic theory is empirically desirable as much as it allows the people to explain things so that they can freely act on it. The democratic set up is best for the community because it allows people to, individually create an evaluation and understanding of things by trying to explain the root causes of the problems.In addition, under the concept of democracy, it is best that decisions be based not only on the basis of what is best for a certain group but for the whole community. The practice of democracy should not cause to undermine other democratic rights of others. This is commonly what is reflected in the United States politics because specific policies especially on wars are now reflections of the voice of the people, or a product of free deliberations to determi ne their applicability and reasonableness.It is unfortunate to think that the democratic principles are now tainted with the long stretch of power of politics and officialdom. Many our seemingly democratic leaders, neglect democratic end in exchange of their personal intentions. We should not forget that a true democratic government is a government for the people, by the people and of the people. The centralization of government especially of decision making does not reflect the true nature of a democratic state.

Essay about Spirituality and Finding Ones Path in Life

â€Å"By finding one’s true purpose, clearing away blockages to energetic functioning, therapeutically dealing with problems and hindrances along the way, finding support from appropriate networks, forging a strong sense of individual identity, self-worth and entitlement, and getting into contact with supernatural sources of power, both movements promise to help make individuals â€Å"the best you can be.† (Religion, Spirituality and Everyday Practice, 13) Finding one’s spiritual path can take a life time and prove to be difficult because spirituality comes with time, wisdom and life experiences. Religion, culture and tradition all have a huge impact on one’s life and play distinct roles in finding one’s purpose and developing as a whole. According†¦show more content†¦Ultima, or La Grande is an elderly woman with mysterious powers who is looked at highly in the community and has come to live with their family in her old age. Right away An tonio and Ultima have a bond and this bond grows greater and greater as time passes on. He states â€Å"I felt more attached to Ultima than my own mother. Ultima told me that stories and legends of my ancestors. From her I learned the glory and the tragedy of the history of my people, and I came to understand now that history stirred in my blood†(123). Ultima gives Antonio guidance and Antonio constantly turns to Ultima to answer his questions and doubts about the world and religion. Ultima tells Antonio that â€Å"As you grow into manhood you must find your own truths† and that is exactly what Antonio is set on doing (119). Antonio wants to find the truths and the answers to his questions about the worlds evil. With Ultima’s guidance and Antonio’s open mind he ready to get these answers and find out where his spirituality path will take him. He makes his first holy communion and after witnessing many deaths and evils, Antonio wants answers and he wants t hem from God. 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