Code of Ethics in Law Enforcement - 3114 Words

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT OF PEACE OFFICERS MODEL POLICY MN STAT 626.8457 I. â€Å"POLICY It is the policy of the __________________________________________________ (law enforcement agency) to investigate circumstances that suggest an officer has engaged in unbecoming conduct, and impose disciplinary action when appropriate. II. PROCEDURE This policy applies to all officers of this agency engaged in official duties whether within or outside of the territorial jurisdiction of this agency. Unless otherwise noted this policy also applies to off duty conduct. Conduct not mentioned under a specific rule but that violates a general principle is prohibited. A. PRINCIPLE ONE Peace officers shall conduct themselves,†¦show more content†¦If in doubt as to the clarity of an order the officer shall, if feasible, request the issuing officer to clarify the order. An officer refusing to obey an order shall be required to justify his or her actions. k) Peace officers learning of conduct or observing conduct that is in violation of any law or policy of this agency shall take necessary action and report the incident to the officer’s immediate supervisor who shall forward the information to the CLEO. If the officer’s immediate supervisor commits the misconduct the officer shall report the incident to the immediate supervisor’s supervisor. C. PRINCIPLE THREE Peace officers shall perform their duties and apply the law impartially and without prejudice or discrimination. 5. Rationale: Law enforcement effectiveness requires public trust and confidence. Diverse communities must have faith in the fairness and impartiality of their police. Peace officers must refrain from fostering disharmony in their communities based upon diversity and perform their duties without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, gender, marital status, or status with regard to public assistance, disability, sexual orientation or age. 6. Rules l) Peace officers shall provide every person in our society with professional, effective and efficient law enforcement services. m) Peace officersShow MoreRelatedThe Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics966 Words   |  4 Pages The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics has been established as a reminder to law enforcement officers, the trust that the public has placed in them, and the ethical way that they live their l ives, both on, and off duty (Bohm, 2010). Many police departments use the basic code as a part of the swearing in ceremony, or at the graduation of a police academy class. While the basic code of ethics is extremely important, the code also contains 10 cannons within in it, and out of those 10, I have found threeRead MoreEthics And The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1412 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper inquires how ethics has impacted the law enfacement communities. The Oath of Allegiance along with the law enforcement Code of Ethics will be discussed in detail to give you a better appreciation of the expectations and ethical issues covering all law enforcement officers. This paper will discus how everyday decisions influence the law officers life, in addition to those of the community. Hero’s sacrificing their lives to â€Å"Protect and Serve†. Ethics, also know as moral philosophy, isRead MoreThe Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1221 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior has a very damaging effect on the effective and efficient service of policing. The IACP Law Enforcement Code of Ethics, which governs the conduct of police officers, clearly emphasizes on the need for desisting from deceitful behavior and for officers engaging in actions that cultivate public trust and confidence from the citizens. As such, Integrity is an essential job requirement for any law enforcement official. According to Serpas (2010), the truthfulness of a police officer is not only anRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of The Law Enforcement Code Of Ethics1309 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals. Why would the sergeant have to order Tony not to get Johnny in trouble? Within this paper, I will discuss and examine the ethical dilemmas Johnny is confronted with and compare them to the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics. Keywords: corrupt morals, ethical dilemmas, repercussions, code of ethics Ethical Dilemma The practice of moral conduct challenges the generally accepted standards. An ethical dilemma is defined as a person has difficulty doing what is right, does not know theRead MorePolice Codes Of Conduct And Police Code Of Ethics1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthe common law of the land, there are additional rules and principles they must abide by. This is illustrated in the police officer s code of conduct and police code of ethics. Many police departments have their own code of conduct which are to be followed by the officers. Just like any other profession, there are no fool proof rules and standards. People will (for whatever reason ) try to beat the system or just plain fall short of whats required of them. That’s why ethics and codes of conductRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Ethics in the criminal justice system is customary when the administration measures are sometime virtuous and imperfect, attractive and unattractive and the ideas of production values are perceptive that this may be right and wrong. Working in the criminal justice system, every decision and results must meet the needs of the citizens and the law enforcement in regards to the balancing concern. The concerns are from prosecuting the guilty and respectingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Police Ethics Essay1631 Words   |  7 PagesWith the past and current issues our country is having with law enforcement officials the ethical deliberations about corruptions is constantly examining the foundations of police ethics. The reasoning following public corruption indicates an underlying social institutional structure that our country has created. In 2006, Louis Eppolito and Stephen Caracappa were convicted of racketeering, extortion, obstruction of justice, conspiracy, and murder charges. Louis and St ephen worked in the NYPD policeRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although policeRead MoreCriminal Justice: Ethics and Integrity676 Words   |  3 PagesEthics and integrity are important to a police chief or county sheriff in a number of ways. First, ethics and integrity assist a police chief or a county sheriff to recruit the best officers who can work in their departments. It is only through application of the principles of ethics and integrity that a police chief or a county sheriff can identify these qualities in the potential applicants, and use them in the recruitment process. S econd, ethics and integrity are important to a police chief orRead MorePolice Subculture And Corruption Within Law Enforcement951 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans, why it exists and if it contributes to corruption by law enforcement. Police subculture and corruption defined. A subculture is a group of people that generally share attitudes, views, rules, principles, beliefs, ways of living, and behaviors that differs in one or more ways from the culture. Law enforcement has a very distinct police subculture that has ideas and values considered distinct from amid many working in law enforcement. Corruption happens when people use their position or granted

Buddhism The Four Noble Truths And The Eight Fold Path

INTRODUCTION In Buddhism, the religion evolves around the two basic concepts of Buddhist teachings – the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Path. According to the oxford dictionary, a ritual is defined as, â€Å"a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order.† In this religious faith, Buddhists value a plethora of teachings which, not only ties with the Noble teachings and the Eight Fold Path, but value key concepts of what should be evident – and to an extent, required – within a Buddhist ritual such as marriage. These are as such: Respect, wisdom, and love – all of which substantially correspond with marriage. Such concepts of the iconic ritual – on multiple levels – offer a thorough spiritual connection and bond that can be interpreted into an everyday Australian context. †¢ Oxford University Press. (2016). ritual. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from Oxford Dictionaries: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ritual PARAGRAPH 1: The purpose of marriage in the Buddhist tradition The main purpose of a Buddhist wedding is about symbolizing the companionship between the bride and groom; to show the commitment of each other and express how their relationship is stemmed on true love. Namely, their relationship values the selflessness of the bride and groom, and would rather care less about receiving, but more about giving. As weddings are Rites of Communication, the sense of commitment and acceptanceShow MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of Buddhism And Buddhism1504 Words   |  7 Pages On the Psychology of Buddhism Jarrett C. Ettison Community College of Allegheny County On the Psychology of Buddhism Buddhism as a non-theistic religion dates back to antiquity, circa the 6th century BCE. Founded by its eponymous central figure Siddhartha Gautama—the Buddha— Buddhism is currently practice by millions of adherents world-wide, with a surging following in the United States. An epistemic shift toward empiricism and science is responsible for our contemporary rapprochement with theRead MoreBuddha And The Founder Of Buddhism1118 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"We are shaped by our thoughts; we become what we think. When the mind is pure, joy follows like a shadow that never leaves† This quote from Siddhartha Gautama, known as Buddha and the founder of Buddhism, is a perfect representation of Buddhist beliefs. Buddhism is a strict religion with various guidelines one must follow. The Buddhists believe that they are each born-again many times and their main goal is to end this cycle of rebirth. One can do so by living each life better than the last,Read MoreSiddhartha I s The Basis Of Buddhism897 Words   |  4 PagesSiddhartha, or more commonly recognized as Buddha, is the basis of Buddhism. Around 500 BC Buddha was prophesized to either to be a spiritual teacher or a worldly ruler. Siddhartha was hidden from agony and pain by his father who wanted him to rule all of India someday. This aspect allowed him to experience a life filled with wealth and fulfillment of desires. However, at 29 years of age he went out for chariot rides and saw 3 universal truths; a sick person (illness), old man (suffering) and a corpse (death)Read MoreBuddhism(Informative Speech)958 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Outline Topic: The Buddhism General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about some main beliefs of one of the most popular religions, the Buddhism. Thesis: From Buddhism to any individual, the Buddhism and Buddhist beliefs become one of the most influential religions in the world. i. Introduction A. Attention Getter: â€Å"God said, let there be light: and there was light.† For Christians, Jesus is their only God. However, as the founder of another famousRead MoreReligion Is A Controversial Topic Around The World1542 Words   |  7 Pagesgain knowledge about the common goal that religions share because once that is established it becomes easier to accept and understand the person. In particular, Buddhism, is more than just a religion. Buddhism, to its followers, is the way of life, or philosophy. Not understanding their religion is not understanding their life at all. Buddhism goes beyond meditation, practices and rituals, it is how a Buddhist lives, thinks and makes decisions. Buddhist believe that Siddhartha Gautama, the BuddhaRead MoreBuddhism : The Philosophy And Religion1426 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism originated 2,500 years ago in India and today – is the prevailing world religion in the East. There are more than 360 million followers of Buddhism, including one million American followers. Buddhism has branched into a diverse selection of forms throughout its long history, however, all methods of Buddhism share an admiration for the teachings of Buddha with the ultimate focus on ending suffering (Religionfacts.com, 2015). In the 6th century BC, Siddhartha or Gautama Buddha was born inRead MoreBuddhism Is A Religion Of Escapism1001 Words   |  5 PagesBuddhism is a philosophy and a religion based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama who lived approximately 566 B.C.E. Today, Buddhism has millions of followers worldwide, known as Buddhists. (Ballou, 1976) Most practicing Buddhists believe in concepts such as karma, dharma, sams ara and nirvana. In addition to these, Buddhists base their lives and actions on the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold. Fortress (1999) explains that the name Buddha is a title that means â€Å"one who hasRead MoreHow Buddhism Has Impacted The World860 Words   |  4 Pagestime, Buddhism has impacted the world. Whether Buddhism is shaping culture or the culture is shaping Buddhism they both allow other influences to impact each other. Examples like the four noble truths and the two sub groups, Theravada and Mahayana, both showed how they impact Buddhism. Also, Hinduism had a big effect on Buddhism. The 4 Noble truths are the most basic teachings in Buddhism. The first of the 4 noble truths is that ordinary life brings about suffering. The second Noble truth tellsRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming978 Words   |  4 Pagesprogressively rising and speeding up. In Buddhism, the concept of nature is simple. The Dali Lama states â€Å"things depend on other things to exist.† Buddhism is a religion that focuses on life in its most simplest elements. Buddhism aims to awaken the mind and body and to enlighten the mind to a purer state of living that is both more spiritual and physically aware. The four noble truths are vital to understanding Buddhism. According to Buddahnet, the first noble truth centers on the concept that life isRead MoreReflection Questions On The Caste System1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe fact that the Brahmin (priest) are in a higher rank than the Kshatriya tells me that in Hinduism religious beliefs are an important part of their values. Reflection Questions: (short paragraph response) What makes the Eight-Fold Path difficult to grasp? The Eight-Fold Path consists of liberating the person from connections and delusions in this world to understand the reality about all things. This can be very difficult for a person to grasp because our desires and connection to the world become

Booker Washington Essay Example For Students

Booker Washington Essay Imagine being in a position that gave you the power to inspire a race and gainthe respect of another. Booker T. Washington, a prominent and extremelysuccessful African-American had that opportunity. This opportunity came in thetimes of the emancipation of slavery. And when given the chance he excelled. Inhis book, Up from Slavery, Booker T. Washington exposes readers to the hardshipshe faced from the time he was a slave, until the times he became a leader amongAfrican-Americans. His book gives detailed accounts of his life, from a first. It speaks of slavery, racism, triumph, and struggle, which all couldntoverpower handwork. Hard working was something Washington believed in and was. The most in unheard voice at the time of slavery both past and present, was thatof the African-American women. During these periods, female accomplishments werenot recognized. These accomplishments have been brought forth for people to viewthem in one of many books. The book, Voice from the South, by Anna Coopercombines works of fiction, poetry, autobiographies, and biographies. Cooper wasone of few black woman of her time to earn a Ph.D. She was a feminist whobelieved that womens voices shouldnt go unheard. The book displays greatmoments of triumph that conquer over hard bearing obstacles. The book is quiteinteresting one that focuses on black womens writings in the nineteenth andtwentieth century. The context however seems to jump around from subject tosubject, which could often confuse the reader. This book seems to be drunk onsyntax blind to semantics. In other words this book tended to use words thatwent around the subject. These books try to focus on all aspects of thestruggles of both women of color and of African Americans as a whole. A bigdifference between these books is the fact that one of the voices was heardwhile the other silenced. Though in times of racism, black males still receivedmore respect then women. My goal is to compare and contrast these two books. Washington spoke a lot about his life through out his book. But the main pointhe was trying to show was gaining education for the black race. As this was thepurpose in the Voice from the South. It was a long, tough road, for both Blackmen and women alike. I have learned that success is not measured not somuch by the position one has reached in life is, but by the obstacles he hasovercome while trying to succeed. (Washington p.23) This is a quoteWashington lived by. Born a slave in Franklin county, Virginia. After theemancipation, he and his family moved to West Virginia where his stepfather hadfound work in the coalmines. The mines were to be the starting point forWashington as he began his quest for education. He first started with a bookthat taught the basics. Soon after that Washington set out to attend the HamptonInstitute in Virginia. There he would work as a janitor to pay his way throughcollege. He studied under a man by the name of General Armstrong, whom headmired the most. After receiving his degree, he briefly went Armstrong, whom headmired the most. After receiving his degree, he briefly went home only to becalled back to Hampton to teach. What he had learned from Hampton what could beaccomplished when you never give up. During this time at Hampton, Washington wasin charge of educating Indians with the help of his students, both male andfemale. But what he really wanted to do was educate his own race. And with thisidea he received word from some men in Alabama, that there a request put in fora teacher to come teach a school in Tuskegee. Booker T. Washington saw thisopportunity and accepted it. He then moved to Alabama to begin what would becomea legacy. The school was built by the students that attended, which would payfor part of their tuition. Washington believed that it was better to earn atrade than it was to study things such as Greek and the arts. I have foundtoo that, that it is the visible, the tangible goes a long ways in softeningprejudice s. The actual sight of a first-class house that a Negro built has builtis ten times more potent that the pages of discussion about a house that heought to build, or perhaps could build.(Washington p.72) This view wouldbe later argued by another prominent black figure, W.E.B. Du Bois. So Tuskegeebecame an institute of trade. Though in the midst of racism, Washington facedtriumph gaining the support of the whites in the Du Bois. So Tuskegee became aninstitute of trade. Though in the midst of racism, Washington faced triumphgaining the support of the whites in the community. To earn money for theschool, Washington set out across America in order to gain money for the school. .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .postImageUrl , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:hover , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:visited , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:active { border:0!important; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:active , .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5 .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ecdad7e901e4adbb556f134b6c52ab5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Whiskey Rebellion EssayHis campaign promoted teaching the Negro a trade as opposed to book knowledge. Whites actively supported the teaching of a trade, feeling that the Negro wouldnever be first class. In Atlanta he gave his famous Atlanta Exposition Address. Both races applauded the words spoken by him. But in it he seems to put black onthe bottom of the scale. It is at the bottom we mustbegin.(Washington pg.101) This is the very statement that many educatedblacks such as Du Bois argued against. W.E.B. Du Bois believed in bookknowledge. This was the knowledge that would help the black man excel. In AliceCoopers, Voice from the South, she believed in starting at the top. The objectwas to recognize the female for her role in the rise of the race. But her bookshows females as the unheard part of the African American race. Cooperstates, The colored women of to-day occupies, one may say, a uniqueposition in this country. In A period of itself transitional and unsettled, herstatus seems one of the least ascertainable and definitive of all the forceswhich make our civilization. (Cooper pg.134). In the context withVoice from the South, Cooper strived to raise the voice of the blackwomen. Men actually agreed with Cooper saying, they want females to learn asmuch as they did. We are ready to make any modifications in thoserelations which will satisfy the womans just aspiration for personalindependence, for intellectual and moral development, for the physical culture,for political activity, and for a voice in the arrangement of her own affairs,both domestic and national. (Cooper pg.67) With in marriage, they feltthat women would make a better half if educated. All Cooper would hope toaccomplish would come in time. Her efforts were recognized by many in the UnitedStates. She would be one of the first to put the African American female in thenational spotlight. In my opinion the two books focus on strong points. Thesebooks attempted to show readers that black faced hardships to gain an education. Even tougher was gaining education for Black females. Both Authors were leadersin the African American Communities. Booker T. Washington and Anna Cooperbelieved in the education of blacks being the stepping stone for the rise of therace. The biggest difference between these two books was Washington focused onthe African American races as a whole, while Cooper focused on elevating thefemales. In the case of Booker T. Washington, I feel given the situation and thetime at which it occurred, I would have probably followed along the lines of hisidea of education than that of Mr. Du Bois. Anna Coopers efforts to raise theeducation of the black women hasnt gone unnoticed. It brought a sense of prideand respect form The African American women As did Washingtons campaign.

Public Goods Are Non-Rival Consumption Goods and Non-Excludable Goods free essay sample

In both cases it is difficult to determine the optimum price at which the good must be provided to the economy. Difference between them is that goods which are non rival it is possible for them to be excludable and non excludable goods can be rival. These points are explained below. Non-rival consumption goods may not be Non excludable. For example Cinemas, private parks, satellite television goods are non-rival in consumption but are excludable as it is possible to charge a price for using these goods and exclude those from using who are not willing to pay for them. Non Excludable goods may not be Non-rival in consumption. For example Common Property resources like water, timber, coal are goods which are non excludable but are rivalrous in nature as consumption by one individual reduces the availability of these goods to other individuals. Unlike excludability, rivalness is a physical characteristic of a resource and not a policy variable. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Goods Are Non-Rival Consumption Goods and Non-Excludable Goods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In case of Non Rival goods the marginal cost of an additional consumer is zero. Hence efficient price for using an existing non-rival good is zero because a positive price reduces use and hence benefits without reducing costs. Market efficiency requires that the marginal cost of providing an additional good or service must be equal to the sum of marginal benefits of all individuals. If market allocates the good it will be sold at a price. However, marginal cost of non rival good is zero and price of a good by definition is greater than zero otherwise market cannot allocate the good efficiently. But charging a nonzero market price would mean that there is no equality between Marginal Cost and sum of Marginal Benefits. Hence, Market allocation of non-rival goods would lead to inefficiency. When Market allocates goods it is contingent upon payment of price for it. An individual may be denied from the consumption of the good unless he is willing and able to the price for it or he is able to establish property rights over it. However, in case of non excludable goods such exclusion is not possible. This creates a problem of preference revelation for such goods. If people can consume a good regardless of whether or not they pay for it, they have an incentive to pay less or not pay for the good. Therefore, people can enjoy the benefits of consuming the good without any personal cost. This leads to the problem of ‘free rider’ i. e. every individual is keen to free ride the good rather than paying for it and if people are unwilling to pay for the good then there will be little or no profit in its production and hence investment in the production of these goods would be very less or at least not up to the point where Marginal cost of the good is equal to the sum of marginal benefits of all individuals. Hence, market cannot allocate non excludable good efficiently. Therefore, market allocation of non rival and non excludable goods would lead to sub-optimal production of these goods. When a good is both non rival and non excludable it becomes a pure public good. It becomes impossible for market to allocate these goods. No one is willing to produce these goods. This creates the need for government intervention in provision of these goods. Assignment 2 13. â€Å"An externality exists when the consumption or production choices of one person or firm enter the utility or production function of another person or firm without permission or compensation. Explain this with the help of Bart and Lisa example discussed in the text. Answer: When the activity of one entity (a person or a firm) directly affects the welfare of another in a way that is outside the market mechanism, the effect is called an Externality. It greatly affects economic efficiency. In the presence of externalities the resource allocation provided by the market will not be socially efficient. Since individuals do not bear the full cost of the negative externalities they generate, they will engage in an excessive amount of such activities. On the other hand, since individuals do not enjoy the full benefits of activities generating positive externalities, they will engage in too little of these. Therefore, without government intervention such activities would be either too high or too low than what is socially efficient. Inefficiency due to externality arises as a consequence of failure or inability to establish property rights. We can show how externality leads to inefficiency through the example of Bart and Lisa. Suppose that Bart owns a cement factory that dumps its garbage into a river nobody owns. Lisa catches fishes from this river for the fishery she owns. In this case the water pollution by Bart’s cement factory creates a negative externality for Lisa’s fishery by dirtying the river and hence reducing the number of fishes in it. On the other hand, Lisa’s fishing in the same river also creates a negative externality for Bart’s cement factory by increasing its social cost of production by polluting the river by her fishermen. Externality in this case arises because nobody owns the river. If Bart owned the river then he could charge Lisa for using his river and if Lisa owned it she could charge Bart instead.